Hardware: Wrench

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For other uses, see Wrench (disambiguation).

A set of chrome-vanadium metric wrenches.
A wrench or spanner is a tool used to provide a mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn bolts, nuts or other items designed to interface with a wrench.
In American English, wrench is the standard term, while spanner refers to a specialized wrench with a series of pins or tabs around the circumference. (These pins or tabs fit into the holes or notches cut into the object to be turned.) The most common shapes are called open-end wrench and box-end wrench.
In British English, spanner is the standard term. The most common shapes are called open-ended spanner and ring spanner.
Higher quality wrenches are typically made from chromium-vanadium alloy tool steels and are often drop-forged. They are frequently chrome-plated to resist corrosion.
Hinged tools, such as pliers or tongs, are not generally considered wrenches.
Contents
1 Common wrenches / spanners
2 Other general wrenches / spanners
3 Specialized wrenches / spanners
4 History
5 References
6 External links
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Common wrenches / spanners

Ring spanner (UK) or Box-end wrench (USA) (double-ended offset example)

Double open-end wrench or open-ended spanner
Open-end wrench or open-ended spanner: a one-piece wrench with a U-shaped opening that grips two opposite faces of the bolt or nut. This wrench is often double-ended, with a different-sized opening at each end. The ends are generally oriented at an angle of around 15 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the handle. This allows a greater range of movement in enclosed spaces by flipping the wrench over.
Box-end wrench or ring spanner: a one-piece wrench with an enclosed opening that grips the faces of the bolt or nut. The recess is generally a six-point or twelve-point opening for use with nuts or bolt heads with a hexagonal shape. The twelve-point fits onto the fastening at twice as many angles, an advantage where swing is limited. Eight-point wrenches are also made for square-shaped nuts and bolt heads. Ring spanners are often double-ended and usually with offset handles to improve access to the nut or bolt (as illustrated).
Combination wrench or combination spanner: a double-ended tool with one end being like an open-end wrench or open-ended spanner, and the other end being like a box-end wrench or ring spanner. Both ends generally fit the same size of bolt.
Flare-nut wrench, tube wrench or line wrench: used for gripping the nuts on the ends of tubes. It is similar to a box-end wrench but, instead of encircling the nut completely, it has a narrow opening just wide enough to allow the wrench to fit over the tube. This allows for maximum contact on plumbing nuts, which are typically softer metals and therefore more prone to damage from open-ended wrenches.
Adjustable end wrench, adjustable spanner or shifting spanner: an open-ended wrench with adjustable (usually smooth) jaws, also sometimes called by the original patent holder's brand name as a Crescent Wrench (Crescent Tool and Horseshoe Company).
Monkey wrench or gas grips: an old type of adjustable end wrench with a straight handle and smooth jaws.
Crescent wrench: the brand name of an improved version of the adjustable-end wrench developed by the Crescent Tool and Horseshoe Company. Often used as a generic term.
Pipe wrench: an adjustable-end wrench with self-tightening properties and hard serrated jaws that securely grip soft iron pipe and pipe fittings. Sometimes known by the original patent holder's brand name as a Stillson wrench.
Socket wrench: a hollow cylinder that fits over one end of a nut or bolt head. It may include a handle, but is usually used with various drive tools. It generally has either a six-point or twelve-point recess, may be shallow or deep, and may have a built-in universal joint. The drive handles generally used are:
Break-over (or hinged) handle: This handle is also known as a jointed nut spinner or flex head nut spinner, and often as a breaker bar in the United States. It is a long non-ratcheting bar. Breaker bars are often used to free stuck bolts and nuts. The additional length of a breaker bar allows the same amount of applied force to generate significantly more torque than a standard length ratchet wrench.
Ratchet handle: contains a one-way mechanism which allows the socket to be turned without removing it from the nut or bolt simply by cycling the handle backwards and forwards.
Speed handle, crank handle or speed brace
Screwdriver handle: for use of the socket as a nutdriver.
Breaker bar: A breaker bar is an extended-length handle for socket wrenches that adds extra torque for loosening strongly tightened or frozen fasteners.
Torque wrench: a socket wrench drive tool that measures the...(and so on)