Hardware: Bass instrument amplification

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A 2 x 10" bass speaker cabinet stacked on top of a 15" cabinet, with a separate amplifier "head" unit
Bass instrument amplification for the bass guitar, double bass and similar instruments is distinct from other types of amplification systems due to the particular challenges associated with low-frequency sound reproduction. This distinction affects the design of the loudspeakers, the cabinet, and the preamplifier and amplifier. Speaker cabinets for bass instrument amplification usually use larger loudspeakers (or more loudspeakers) than the cabinets used for other instruments. This is mainly because the sensitivity of the human ear falls off markedly at low frequencies, so that more power is needed to reproduce low frequencies at a given level of perceived volume. Speakers used for bass instrument amplification tend to be more heavy-duty to handle this higher power level.
Bass instrument speaker cabinets are typically more rigidly constructed and heavily braced than cabinets for non-bass instrument amplification, and bass cabinets usually include tuned bass reflex ports or vents which are cut into the cabinet. Bass instrument amplifiers' preamplifier sections have equalization controls that are designed for bass instruments, and extend down to 40 hertz or even below. As well, bass instrument amplifiers are more likely to be designed with cooling fans than regular guitar amplifiers, due to the high power demands of bass instrument amplification, and bass amplifiers are more commonly equipped with compressor or limiter circuitry which protects the speakers from damage from sudden loud notes.
Contents
1 History
1.1 1950s-1960s
1.2 1970s-Present
2 Types
3 Amplifier technology
3.1 Tube Amplifiers
3.2 Solid State Amplifiers
4 Loudspeakers
4.1 Cabinet Design
4.2 Tweeters
5 Amplifying the double bass
5.1 Natural-sounding amplification
5.2 Feedback Problems
6 Preamplification and effects
7 Manufacturers of upright bass preamplifiers
8 See also
9 References
//
History
1950s-1960s
When the Fender company invented the first widely-produced electric bass guitar in the early 1950s, they also developed a bass amplifier, the Fender Bassman amplifier. The Fender Bassman was a 50-watt tube amplifier with four 10" speakers. The Ampeg Bassamp Company, founded in 1949, also produced bass amplifiers that were widely used by electric bass guitarists in the 1950s and 1960s.
The first bass amplifier offered by Ampeg was an 18 watt model with a single 12" speaker and a rear ventilation port called the Super 800. In 1951, a 20 watt version with a 15" speaker was put on the market. In 1960, they introduced the B-15 Portaflex, a flip-top 25 watt bass amplifier with a single 15" speaker and in the late 1960s, the 300 watt Super Valve Technology (SVT) amplifier head which was intended for large performance venues. The SVT was intended for use with one or two speaker cabinets containing eight 10" speakers.
In the mid-1960s, the bassist for The Who, John Entwistle, was one of the first major players to make use of Marshall stacks. At a time when most bands used 50-100w amps with single cabinets, Entwistle used twin Stacks with new experimental prototype 200w amps. This, in turn, also had a strong influence on the band's contemporaries at the time, with Cream and the Jimi Hendrix Experience both following suit. Entwistle also experimented throughout his career with "bi-amplification," where the high and low registers of the bass sound are sent to separate amplifiers and speakers. This allows for more control over the tone, because each register can then be modified (e.g., in terms of tone, added overdrive, etc) individually. The Versatone Pan-O-Flex amplifier used a different approach to bi-amplification, with separate amplifier sections for bass and treble but a single 12-inch speaker. The Versatone was used by well-known bassists such as Jack Casady and Carol Kaye.
1970s-Present
In some cases, the sonic characteristics of bass amplifiers and speaker cabinets appeal to regular electric guitarists. Early Fender Bassman amps, originally designed for bass guitar, have become widely used by guitarists. Their 40-50 watt power rating also made them more suitable for guitar than bass at larger venues & outdoors and as music got louder and more powerful bass amps appeared. Hence, the market for vintage Bassmans became dominated by lead players. Some rock guitarists, such as Southern rock guitarist Duane Allman, would add a bass cabinet to his Marshall stack.
Conversely, the sonic characteristics and/or built-in effects associated with some lead guitar amplifiers has appealed to some bassists. Along with the extra brightness, reverb, tremolo, etc. of some lead guitar amps, the KT-88/6550 power tubes used in many early Sunn lead &...(and so on)